• Radiation biology emerges as the dominant framework for cell death research in this era, emphasizing dose–survival dynamics, repair of X-ray damage, and chromosomal effects across mammalian cells with methods to quantify damage and repair [1], [5], [7], [13], [16].

• Programmed cell death is studied as a regulated developmental process with endocrine modulation and pharmacologic influence, illustrated by silkmoth muscle degeneration and hormone/drug effects on cell fate [8], [12].

• Red blood cell death and turnover, including immune-mediated destruction, autohemolysis, and viability/dye-based assessment methods, reflect hematologic death paradigms and diagnostic approaches [4], [6], [10], [17], [18], [19].

• Hepatic cell death and necrosis under toxic, ischemic, and stress-related conditions, with chemical/physical/ultrastructural characterization of liver cell demise [3], [9], [11].

• Mitochondrial dysfunction and ultrastructural alterations accompany necrosis in liver cells, highlighting subcellular pathways that connect mitochondrial integrity to cell viability [9], [11].